Franchising Can Be Defined As A System Based On A Close And Ongoing Co

Diversifying can be characterized as a framework dependent on a nearby and continuous cooperation whereby an organization, the franchisor, gets into association with one or a few organizations, the franchisee(s). Its prime point is to build up an establishment idea planned in any case by the franchisor. (Internet, 1) So as to all the more likely comprehend the idea of diversifying I will initially clarify a few generally utilized terms in this idea. ? Establishment is a legitimate understanding that permits one association with an item, thought, name or trademark to transmit a few rights and data about a business to an autonomous entrepreneur, which consequently pays a charge and eminences to the proprietor. ? Franchisor is an organization that claims an item, administration, trademark or business position and gives this to an entrepreneur as a byproduct of a charge. Franchisor regularly is the one that makes the conditions under which an entrepreneur works, anyway he doesn't control the business. ? Franchisee is an entrepreneur who buys an establishment from franchisor and works a business utilizing the name, item, business group and different things gave by the franchisor. ? Establishment charge is a one time paid expense by the franchisee to the franchisor, and is paid for rights to utilize trademark, the board help and some different administrations. ? Eminence expense is a charge constantly paid by the franchisee to the franchisor-generally paid as a percent of gross income earned. ? Establishment exchange rule is a law by the Federal Trade Commission that puts a few legitimate prerequisites on the franchisors ? Trademark is an unmistakable name or/and image used to recognize a specific item or administration from all the others. Practically speaking we have four sorts of diversifying Product Franchise, Manufacturing Franchises, Business Opportunity Ventures, and Business Format Franchising. On account of Product Franchise, makers utilize the item establishment to administer how a retailer conveys their item. The producer concedes a proprietor of the store the position to disseminate merchandise by the maker and he is permitted to utilize the name and trademark of the maker. Consequently the storekeeper needs to pay a charge or buy some stock of stock as an end-result of the rights given. Assembling Franchises furnish an association with the option to make an item and to sell it utilizing the name and the trademark gave by franchisor. This kind of diversifying is normally found in food and drinks industry. Business Opportunity Venture as a rule necessitates that an entrepreneur buys and disperses the items for one explicit organization, which must furnish him with the clients. Consequently entrepreneur needs to pay an expense or some other kind of remuneration. At last, the Business Format Franchising, the most famous sort, is where an organization gives an entrepreneur a demonstrated strategy for working a business utilizing the name and the trademark. The organization needs to give help to the proprietor of the business toward the start, and the entrepreneur needs to pay an expense consequently. Normally individuals are asking what makes one organization to offer an establishment, so it is essential to comprehend the franchisor's point of view. Most importantly, diversifying is an open door for progressively quick extension. Numerous organizations may understanding of absence of capital and gifted workers, so the franchisee can offer the entirety of that. Toward the start the franchisor helps a franchisee with acquiring financing for another business, anyway the franchisee is at risk for reimbursement of the assets. Franchisor is choosing its franchisees by their experience and aptitudes, and in that way he/she is limiting its dangers. Another explanation behind diversifying is higher inspiration. This is on the grounds that when the organization establishments its activities it gains a gathering of new, roused administrators, which are progressively responsible for activities since as a proprietors they are totally liable for business results. Further increasingly capital i s another purpose behind engaging in diversifying. The organization, by diversifying, is collecting the cash without selling an enthusiasm for the business, and the franchisor is utilizing the franchisee cash for additional business extension. Along these lines the organization is keeping away from the dangers, which may come out from giving stock and taking the credits. The organization's picture and name are at sure hazard when offered to other person. Along these lines, a franchisor is

The Job Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service

Part One The article composed by Lisa Rein talks about the normal occupation cuts in the U.S. Postal Service; specifically, the writer reports that roughly 7,500 occupations will be killed sooner rather than later (Rein unpaged).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More, all things considered, this approach is planned for diminishing the authoritative expenses of the administration; by the by, the agents of the Postal Regulatory Commission (PRC) contend that these decreases will bring about various deferrals in mail conveyance (Rein unpaged). In addition, as indicated by the finding of PRC, the legislature won't have the option to accomplish the normal reserve funds (Rein unpaged). In general, this activity can represent a huge danger to the framework of the nation (Rein unpaged). This article is firmly identified with the few the ideas talked about in Chapter One of the course readi ng; for this situation, exceptional consideration ought to be paid to government enterprises and administrative commissions that perform various capacities and connect with each other; for instance, the Postal Service can be an administration organization that serves the necessities of the populace. Thus, administrative commissions like the PRC should control and screen distinctive monetary relations inside the nation. The circumstance portrayed by Lisa Rein represents the contention between these offices of the legislature. Section Two Another significant occasion that ought to be talked about is the aim of the U.S. Preeminent Court to audit the government strategies with respect to same-sex marriage; this issue is firmly analyzed in the article by Adam Liptak. As indicated by the creator, the U.S. Incomparable Court may audit and even reject the legitimate meaning of marriage as an association of a man and a lady; the adjudicators may bar the idea of sex from this definition (Lipt ak unpaged). Adam Liptak accentuates the possibility that these days the choices with respect to the status of same-sex relationships are taken by the administrations of discrete conditions of the nation; interestingly, another meaning of marriage can legitimize the wedlock of same-sex couples and the assent of state governments may not be required. These are the fundamental ramifications of this case, yet now it is too soon to talk the adjustments in the enactment of the United States, however this lawful discussion shows at a sensational move in the open opinion.Advertising Looking for paper on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This occasion is connected to one of the ideas referenced in the Chapter Two of the course book, in particular the division of the administration into three branches. They need to perform various errands, for example, the improvement of laws, the requirement of these lawful demonstra tions and their understanding. The activities of the Supreme Court demonstrate that legal and authoritative parts of the legislature can interface with each other in exertion to change the laws of the nation. Section Three The ongoing presidential battle and the battle between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney have pulled in much consideration of the press; in his article, Sean Sullivan inspects the difference between these government officials viewing such an issue as the redistribution of riches (Sullivan unpaged). Specifically, Sean Sullivan alludes to the expressions of Barack Obama who said that the legislature ought to guarantee each resident of the United States ought to have equivalent chances (Sullivan unpaged). To some degree, this objective can be accomplished through the redistribution of riches (Sullivan unpaged). Glove Romney reacted to this contention by saying that such a methodology could subvert the guiding principle of the nation, for instance, the privilege to propert y and salary (Sullivan unpaged). The occasions portrayed by the writer are intently attached to the thoughts investigated in our readings, for instance, the work of art and present day difficulties of the legislature talked about in the Chapter Three. The redistribution of riches is identified with the advanced issue, in particular the need to advance equity in the general public and the need to guarantee the individual opportunity of residents. Barack Obama and Mitt Romney speak to two distinctive to the arrangement of this issue; Obama places accentuation on balance while, Romney stresses the individual opportunity of resident and their entitlement to property (Sullivan unpaged). Consequently, the ideas talked about in the readings have critical ramifications for cutting edge legislative issues. Section Four The article composed by Phillip Rucker portrays the endeavors of the Republican Party to diminish the job of the worker's guilds in Michigan (Rucker unpaged). Specifically, th e creator centers around the alleged option to-work laws as per which representatives are not obliged to join the association and pay any charges to these associations (Rucker unpaged). One can say that this enactment can predominantly reject worker's organizations from the dealings among laborers and private organizations; by and large, this change is bound to profit the businesses who can direct their terms to representatives (Rucker unpaged). The pundits of option to-work laws accept that these lawful changes can subvert the privileges of laborers; all the more critically, this strategy can deny the Republican Party of its impact in Michigan for quite a while (Rucker unpaged). This article is firmly identified with the issues shrouded in the course book; for this situation, extraordinary consideration ought to be paid to the job of intrigue bunches that can draw in the consideration of arrangement producers to specific issues or issues and advance lawful explicit changes. The cir cumstance portrayed in the article represents the contention between a few interests gatherings, in particular the businesses and worker's guilds; for this situation, they have totally different objectives and needs that don't concur with one another.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chapter Five In his article, Sean Sullivan examines the ongoing contradiction among Democrats and Republicans; specifically, the government officials discussion such issues as spending cuts and expense builds (Entitlement banter, unpaged). As indicated by the creator, the Republicans contradict to the expanded assessments for the wealthiest residents of the United States; conversely, Democrats accept that this arrangement is important to support administrative projects, for example, Medicare (Entitlement banter, unpaged). In the assessment of the Republican legislators, such techniques are bound to hurt white collar class individuals, as opposed to profit them (Entitlement banter, unpaged). Thusly, Democrats accept that this methodology isn't probably going to lessen the pay of numerous occupants. Overall, this discussion is intently attached to the inquiries talked about in Chapter 5, for instance, such ideas as pluralism and majoritarianism. This contradiction outlines the standards of pluralism that anxieties the requirements of various gatherings. It appears that pluralism guarantees that the necessities of specific gatherings are not dismissed by strategy producers who ought to recollect that their choices can have expansive ramifications for an incredible number of individuals. Interestingly, majoritarianism in the Congress can bring about the circumstance when there is no discussion or conversation among lawmakers. This is one the primary perils that legislator ought to stay away from while examining legitimate or social issues. Works Cited Liptak, A. â€Å"Justice s to Hear Two Challenges on Gay Marriage.† The New York Times, 2012. Web. Rein, L. â€Å"U. S. Postal Service reports clearing work cuts, region office closures.† The Washington Post, 2011. Web. Rucker, P. â€Å"In Michigan, heart of sorted out work, Republicans push to restrict association power.† The Washington Post, 2012. Web. Sullivan, S. ‘Romney causes to notice Obama ‘redistribution’ comment from 1998.’ The Washington Post,â 2012. Web.Advertising Searching for article on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More â€- . ‘Entitlement banter flashes contradiction along party lines.’ The Washington Post. Web. This article hands on Cuts in the U.S. Postal Service was composed and put together by client Travis Bennett to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Cognitive Load Theory Helping People Learn Effectively

Cognitive Load Theory Helping People Learn Effectively Have you attended a training p program or classroom where you could not remember anything because the course material was too complex? Or, you could not grasp any knowledge because the instructor went through the course with the speed of light? Such poorly designed programs can cause more harm to the growth of any student than good.Sometimes, it even becomes impossible for students to process any information because of the unnecessary demands imposed on them by the teachers. All these things accomplish nothing but impeding the process of learning.It is also a shame that school, colleges and universities across the world spend millions of dollars and put considerable effort on designing syllabi and courses. There are education programs which highlight how to read and write valid assessments, how to write papers and how to create lesson plans.However, there is perhaps not even a single program which enables teachers to effectively impart their knowledge to students and the students to learn effectively.Similarly, there is hardly any program which considers brain’s capacities and limitations when it comes to learning new things. How does the brain remember? How our memory works? Changing behaviors through acquiring and retaining new knowledge is one of the major goals of schools and universities. It is only possible if we enable both teachers and students to understand how our brain and memory work.Similarly, they should also understand how to properly apply their knowledge of brain’s functions and limitations to better optimize classroom study and ensure retention of information. THE COGNITIVE LOAD THEORYOne particular theory which aims at helping educationists understand the process is the Cognitive Load Theory. It has become one of the most popular teaching theories or methods over the years.Currently considered as the “next big thing in teaching”, this particular theory enables both teachers and the students to teach and learn respectively and effectiv ely by reducing their cognitive loads.John Sweller, the educational psychologist at University of New South Wales, originally proposed the theory in 1988. He basically improved the Working Memory Model of Memory presented by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974. According to this model, you have to process and rehearse visual and auditory information more often than everyday observations in order to develop long-term memories.John Sweller strongly believed that our cognitive load increases because we have to process a lot of factors at a time along with the actual knowledge we are trying to acquire. This makes it difficult for us to pay attention to the necessary information and make learning needlessly complex. As a result, the learning becomes less effective because you are unable to pay necessary devotion to learning and memorizing due to the increasing cognitive load.The Cognitive Load Theory presents different ways in which teachers can reduce the cognitive load of their stud ents. In addition, it proposes different teaching techniques, ensuring the formation and retention of new memories.DETAILED EXPLANATION OF COGNITIVE LOAD THEORYCLTproposes that you can only learn effectively and retain information for a long time if the learning conditions and your cognitive nature are in perfect alignment with each other. In other words, a human brain is capable of doing so many things at a time and therefore, we should be careful and intentional of what we do at any given time.Put another way, the theory suggests that we should design learning experiences in such a way that they ensure formation of new memory schemas by reducing “load” on our working memory. It is important because our short term memory is limited and putting extrapressure on it by doing so many things at a time only increases our cognitive load. It is possible to reduce cognitive load and form new schemas simultaneously only in the ideal world. In real world, you cannot accomplish both tasks satisfactorily at the same time. Therefore, it is imperative for the teachers to have to be specific about what is being taught and the sequence of learning as well as the nature of the learning.No doubt students need to be crystal clear what they learned about a particular thing. However, they also need to have full grasp of domain specific definitions and knowledge.For instance, you would be overloading your students if you ask them to critically examine all the government systems in the world (high-order thinking) while also defining and understanding what a government system is. In this case, students would have to constantly assess their short term memory while processing information because they still have no knowledge or understanding of a government system.This is because there is no concept of a “government system” in their long-term memory. As a result, they muddle their short term memory, where newly acquired information is originally stored, before moving the new kno wledge to emerging or existing schemes.It will be possible for the students to learn despite of unfavorable conditions. However, they will have to struggle a lot and go against the way their brains work just because the instructional design in this example is non-optimal for effective learning.You should also have full understanding of how our brain and memory work in order to understand the cognitive load theory. Our working memory stores information for short amount of time after processing the new material. However, it is unable to hold large amount of information at any given time. The total capacity of our working memory also varies among individuals. On the other hand, it isour long-term memory whichretains the information, which the working memory cannot store for long, for years to come. The cognitive load theory postulates that our long-term memory holds information for a long period of time as schemas. Subsequently, schemas organize the information and enable its easy retr ieval whenever required. In this regard, more the schemas in our long-term memory less will be the cognitive load on our working memory.There are many examples of schemes created over the years. For instance, if asked for in which order you should solve multiple arithmetic operations in a given problem, you would probably recall DMAS rule from your elementary mathematics class. Our long-term memory is able to retain and retrieve this information simply by remembering an acronym, reducing your cognitive load in the process.In an alternative scenario, you would ask your working memory to store and retrieve Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction separately. You would severely overload your working memory if you load it with four unrelated pieces of information. However, you would dramatically decrease the cognitive load on your working memoryby remembering DMAS rule because it only represents a single schema which you can retrieve without any real hassle.TYPES OF COGNITIVE LOAD In the context of above discussion, it is also important to discuss some types of cognitive load. There are in fact three main types of cognitive loads and they all complement each other. Therefore, you need to factor in all of them in order to calculate total cognitive load on your memory.Intrinsic Cognitive LoadWhen intrinsic qualities of information being learnt make demands of a learner and put pressure or load on his working memory, it is called intrinsic cognitive load. This particular load depends upon two factors. The first one is your ability to comprehend new information as well how complex the information being presented is.It is also extremely difficult to avoid or eliminate this particular type of load due to its complex nature. Obviously, it is always more difficult and challenging to accomplish a difficult task (solving a complex equation) than solving a simple problem such as multiplying two numbers. However, you can always breakdown adifficult task into smaller and simpler activities to decrease the pressure on your memory. It also makes it easier for you to complete the task individually and in relatively quick time.Everybody is familiar with the task of assembling cubes to make toys in their childhood. You may also remember that the box always contained step by step assembly instructions instead of one big diagram showing how you can assemble each cube. This is the example of simplifying a complex process into smaller, simpler steps.In this particular case, you do not have to go through the entire diagram and visualize the whole process. You would only have to understand the smaller, easier tasks in order to set the entire model up. Similarly, you would also be able to concentrate on two to three cubesyou need in every step. It is much easier than playing with all of cubes and other parts simultaneously.Extraneous Cognitive LoadThis type of load is created when the students have to meet extra requirements and demands of teachers. Someti mes the load is the result of difficult instructions students have to follow. As the name suggests, it is the extra load and has no connection with the learning tasks. Inefficient teaching methods greatly add to the extraneous load as well.As a result, the concept being presented becomes more complex and difficult to grasp. Moreover, the distracting information or demands often unintentionally misdirect students and they set off on the wrong path.Another factor that contributes to extraneous load is forcing pupils to remember and practice the lessons. On the other hand, teachers can reduce the load on the students by employing more effective teaching techniques and presentation methods.There are some types of information which are better understood when you study them in the written form.Similarly, you may need to use diagrams, PowerPoint presentations or videos to better explain some other type of information. For instance, you should use a modal of the solar system or a video to b etter demonstrate the movement of planets and their moons. Written material will not be of much use in this case.In fact, the visual demonstration of the solar system will enable students to remember the presentation from start to finish unlike written text where they have to remember the first paragraph to understand the meaning of the last one. Similarly, they would simply look at the diagram for reference wheneverthey could not understand anything about the solar system.This is the example of highly optimal instructional strategy because it encourages the formation of schemas while decreasing student’s extraneous cognitive load.Germane Cognitive LoadUnlike the first two types of cognitive load, the students actually need to have germane cognitive lead. This type of load mounts on students due to theformation of new schemas in the long-term memory. It helps in comprehending new information and assists in learning new skills.A scheme holds certain types of memories regarding diff erent concepts and ideas. It also enables us to retrieve certain information and how to respond whenever we encounter same ideas and concepts in the future.There are also different types of schemas. There are schemas for objects, persons and places etc. Similarly, memories of certain events and routines fall under the category of ‘script schemas.’ Memories of how different people behave and enact are part of ‘role schemas.’ These schemas inform us what to expect from certain people when you meet them again in future.It is sometimes intimidating to experience something for the first time such as attending an Asian wedding. This is because we normally don not have a schema or conceptualization of what to expect from such events. As we witness an event or situation for the first time and acquire more knowledge about it, our cognitive load increases. This load in turn enables us to understand what is happening in similar events in future.APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY You can implement cognitive load theory in any instructional setting such as schools, colleges, universities and even in the training courses organized by various organizations for their employees. However, many other areas have also successfully implemented the cognitive load theory to improve their performance.The main goal of applying this theory is to minimize the extraneous load and facilitate students to learn more effectively. Similarly, it also encourages instructors to avoid doing a means-end-analysis of a task. Both these things can make the concepts extremely complex and overwhelm the students by imposing extra or unnecessary demands on them.You can also promote the production of germane cognitive load by developing activities, lesson plans and teaching methods which encourage long-term skill and knowledge acquisition and thus, the creation of new schemas.It is totally wrong to believe that we can only implement cognitive lead theory in traditional learning environments. You can even apply the theory when you are making a speech or giving an important business presentation to a prospective client. The theory enables you to breakdown each of the points you want to explain in smaller chunks and remove redundant details.Resultantly, you will be able to explain each point in simple, easy to understand manner. In fact, you explain your point of view more effectively and excitingly simply by decreasing the cognitive load on your brain and tongue.THE COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY IN CLASSROOMSNow, let us discuss how to implement the cognitive load theory while giving actual presentation in the classroom. There are many things you, as a teacher, can do to reduce extraneous load on the students and promote the production of germane load right in your classroom.You also need to answer two questions while thinking about how to present materials to your students in the coming lectures. These questions are:What is the best way of presenting the informationFor moving informa tion to existing schemas?For creation of new schemas?What is the best way of decreasing extraneous load on students while presenting the lecture?Assuming your students don’t have any knowledge of whatever you are going to teach them, they will load their working memory with a lot of new information. Therefore, employing best methods of presentation is of utmost importance.You also need to consider the design of the classroom as it can affect students’ psych as well. You also need to keep other aspects of the classroom environment in mind when applying the cognitive load theory.Following lines explain some of the methods to attain these very important goals.Classroom ArrangementRearranging classroom settings regularly to provide more collaborative learning environment to students is getting more and more popular these days. However, it can also lead to the development of extraneous load on students.Experienced teachers usually place their seats and desks in rows so that all the s tudents may look at the board. This is one of the best methods to eliminate classroom distractions as well. As students no longer face each other, they don’t have to turn around every time they need to receive instructions or ask questions.TechnologyTechnology has totally changed the way students used to learn just a decade ago and there is nothing inherently wrong in it. However, numerous studies have shown that students tend to remember better when they handwrite their notes and instructions.Similarly, they are more likely to retain the information when they avoid technological distractions such as laptops, tablets and smartphones etc. You should only allow your students to use these devices in the classroom if they assist them in completing a given task or enhance their understanding of the concepts being taught.ClassworkStudent collaborations are a good thing. However, sometimes they tend to be counterproductive as well. You should only allow such collaborations in the classro om if they can expand on a concept you are explaining or reinforce student’s understanding of the topic. Group work entails many distractions. Similarly, students will have to utilize their working memory to comprehend the group dynamics and process different rules.As a result, extraneous load is produced which consumes some of the working memory. This is the memory students actually require to produce intrinsic and germane loads, necessary to retain acquired information.Presentation of MaterialWhatever you are using to present the material, make it simple, clutter free and easy to understand. For example, fun pictures on the slides actually hinder the processing of processing information and are not required at all. The slides should only contain images and text that are directly related to the topic and assist in learning new concepts.Keeping your presentation techniques and material simple greatly helps you decrease extraneous load in the classroom.HomeworkAs you might expect, students encounter a lot of distractions in their home. Therefore, it is advisable to reduce the amount of homework as much as possible. Similarly, encourage your students to minimize distractions at their homes and create an environment which fosters effective learning. For instance, they can switch of their televisions, put away their phones and confine themselves to their rooms while doing their homework.You need to remember that removal of unnecessary distractions is important because it reduces the extraneous load on the student’s working memory. Similarly, never assign homework which introduces new information to the student as it can lead to the development of more extraneous load.CONCLUSIONAbove mentioned are some of the ways you can implement cognitive load theory while presenting a new concept to the students. The main goal of the theory is to minimize the extraneous load on students. Therefore, it is imperative to createa learning environment which does not put extra pr essure on their working memory.It is pertinent to note that science fullyendorses the trainings based on the cognitive load theory. Therefore, you can improve the teaching methods and achieve higher student success rate by applying thetheory regardless of the type of instructional environment.

Stricter Federal Requirements Of Detox Facilities

â€Å"Nearly 88,000 people (approximately 62,000 men and 26,000 women) die from alcohol-related causes annually, making it the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States† (Alcohol Facts and Statistics† 1). There need to be stricter federal requirements in detox facilities because someone who has an alcohol issue will deny it, an alcoholic will do anything to be released and get another drink, and repeated intoxication offenders and alcoholics are not capable of making their own decisions. First of all, any person with an alcohol issue, no matter how large their issue is, will deny it. Denial protects the alcoholic from dealing with the problem that they have. According to Addiction and Denial†, Those who are addicted to alcohol or drugs can have little insight into their own condition as a result of denial (1). This means they are avoiding the problem for a reason, and they will not and can not make the step to admitting their problem to themselves and others. Admitting to an issue is very important though, because admitting to the issue is the only way and the first step to regaining a normal life and defeating the disease of alcoholism. Detox facilities cannot force any person to go into treatment, so the person needs to have admitted their problem and signed into a treatment center while sober if they want to get better. This is very controversial because many alcoholics use many different excuses about their problem and will not admit it. SomeShow MoreRelat edDiscriminating in Sentencing3195 Words   |  13 PagesLeading groups have an unequal number of positive social value. People in this group have wealth, power and status while lesser groups have an unequal amount of negative social value that include incarceration or the basic needs. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports in 2002 there were a total of 6,638,390 men charged with crimes and in 2011 there were a total of 5,910,637 men charged with various crimes. In 2002 there were a total of 1,970,089 women charged withRead MoreCase110038 Words   |  41 Pages2000s—after a 15-year push to create emergency shelters for the burgeoning homeless population in U.S. cities—shelter funding began to decline, nationwide.      For   Pine   Street   Inn,   Boston’s   foremost   homeless    shelter, with 715 beds in five facilities, the first sign of trouble came in the form of several consecutive years of level funding. But in 2004, the situation worsened; Pine   Street’s   revenue   dropped   from   $29.6   to   $26.9   million.      In    alarm, Pine Street Inn Director Lyndia DownieRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesannual budget, role of (5) subsidies and foreign exchange reserves 4 Companies, balance sheets, AGMs window dressing of balance sheets, the loopholes (the case of Satyam) (5) 5 Stock exchange, Sensex and its ups and downs, need for stricter monitoring, how to (5) cover Stock Exchanges, qualities of a good stock exchange reporter 6 Ethics for business journalism. Should it be a watch dog or servant of business houses? (5) Role of freebies, junkets, five star attractions and need toRead MoreUAE Consumer Lifestyle Analysis42818 Words   |  172 Pages There was a rapid increase in hotel and spa developments in 2009, including the opening of such venues as the Lotus Hotel Apartments and Spa in Dubai. These spas offer ayurvedic treatments from India, Thai and Swedish massage therapies, facials, detox treatments and other dermatological care. Reiki is a new form of treatment that has been gaining in popularity. A recent report by Ernst and Young indicated that consumers taking spa treatments increased by 7% in 2009. Moreover, the heightened

Psychological, Biological Or Developmental Processes...

Maisel (2013) defines mental disorder as â€Å"a syndrome characterized by the clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning†. Research studies have suggested that individuals suffering from mental disorders are at a high risk of committing crime and are also considered a threat to society (increases moral panic) and themselves. Gregory (2004) argues that this vulnerability and moral panic comes after the closing of long-stay psychiatric institutions which provided mental health care and support to patients with mental disorders and patients were moved to community care during the regime of the Conservative government in the 1980s. According to Yohanna (2013), there were three forces that led to deinstitutionalization as individuals with severe mental disorders were moved from hospitals into community. One of these forces was the hope that new antipsychotic medications offered a cure, secondly that community care was considered more affordable less than institutionalisation and lastly mental hospitals were considered inhumane and cruel. Although these implementations were not considered effective because researchers have claimed that deinstitutionalization led to the increase in offending and imprisonment among individuals with serious mental disorders (Wallace et al., 2000). Wallace et al., (2000) point outShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Biology in the Study of Psychology Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesreacts to certain behaviors or illnesses. Most all psychological functioning can be reduced to underlying brain processes. This should serve as reason alone as to why biology plays an important part in the study of psychology. 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He also fully understands why someRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On The Human Body And Mind Requires A Regulated Sleep And Wake Cycle1729 Words   |  7 Pagesto affect 50%-80% of the American psychiatric population. The most common mental illnesses that suffer from chronic sleep/wake disruptions include mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder as well as attenti on deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), PTSD, and schizophrenia. Research on the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle has found that proper regulation promotes healthy physical, emotional, and mental resilience, while chronic dysregulation promotes negative thinking as wellRead MoreMental Disorders And Its Effects On Psychological Disorders1116 Words   |  5 PagesMental disorders are defined as a â€Å"syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental function† (Shiraev Levy, 2017, 2017, p.253). While there are numerous symptoms, there are several that are highly associated with mental disorders including substantial distress or a form of impediment in social settings and other importantRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 Pag esThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between security of attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships , self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder ( Sad )1901 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is defined as a chronic and often disabling condition that is associated with uncontrollable worry and tension with symptoms that include restlessness, fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbance. People with social anxiety disorder also experience an intense, persistent fear of drawing attention to themselves in social situations, believing that their flaws will be exposed and that they will be negatively evaluated and rejected. It’s a terrible and

Concept of Long Term Care Free Essays

The New York Times has reported that eating fish in a regular diet has more benefits. The article explains that the Harvard Women’s Health study says people that eat fish once a week had a 42 percent less likelihood to develop macular degeneration that was age related than people that ate fish less than once a month. Macular degeneration is an inflammatory disease and fish has the omega 3 fatty acid that reduces the inflammation (Rabin, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Long Term Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now The study was based on 39,876 women that were in their mid-life which was 99 percent of these women participating. The participants were handed a questionnaire in 1993 that had a detailed food frequency to fill out. These questionnaires needed these women to list an average of consumption over the past year of different foods with a specific portion size. These foods that needed to be listed were how much of tuna fish, mackerel, salmon, sardines, bluefish, and swordfish were eaten. These women were told to record how much, on an average, was eaten over this past year. The study took 10 years to follow up and only 235 of the 39,876 people developed macular degeneration. This is an eye disease that is progressive and is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the elderly population (Rabin, 2011). The study findings were that the intakes of w-3 and w-6 fatty acids along with other dietary fats had been adjusted for the total of the energy intake using the residual methods. The intakes were categorized into tertiles that enhanced the stability estimates. The categories were an overall basis on the distribution of nutrients of all the women’s intakes. Tertiles were also adjusted for trans-unsaturated fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat. sided P-values and 95 percent of CI’s were also calculated. Also performed were the tests of interaction to evaluate the null hypothesis. These tests were of no differences in the association of the w-3 and the w-6 fatty acids (Rabin, 2011). The women that reported eating one or more servings of fish a week had a 42 percent less chance of developing macular degeneration than the women that ate less once a month per serving of fish. The most benefits that were found were by eating dark meat fish and canned tuna. These studies are prone to have a measurement of error which tends to have an underestimate in any association of diet with the risks of AMD. Any changes of the dietary intakes would likely be nondifferential to the AMD end point and would have a true association. The end point was based primarily on the self report of the participants. The data was based on a large population of many different women that had no prior diagnosis of any AMD’s and that regular intake of EPA, DHA, and fish had a significant reduction of risk of AMD. This appears to be the strongest evidence that support the role of the w-3 fatty acids and reduced the number of people that had advanced AMD (Rabin, 2011). The findings in this article were appropriate in the findings that eating fish once a week reduced the risk of the development of macular degeneration and slowed the progression of some that had early signs of the disease. The hypothesis along with the P-value that was used played a big part in determining the out come of this study. In conclusion, this study has proven that eating fish once a week can and will help to prevent the eye disease Macular Degeneration (Rabin, 2011). How to cite Concept of Long Term Care, Essay examples

SoftArc Engineering Ltd for Cloud Data Storage & Management

Question: Discuss about theSoftArc Engineering Ltd for Cloud Data Storage Management. Answer: Introduction SoftArc Engineering Ltd is an Australian based company operating in the civil engineering domain working across Indonesia as well as Australia. The company wishes to close down its data Center based in Brisbane and move the services and data based out of that Center to the new Center in Sydney. Their newer Center is much more capable and in line with the new software and systems. The web services are moving to the cloud based platform and this is exactly what this document covers. Cloud Architecture The architecture of choice would be a hybrid model as it aligns well with the business strategies of SoftArc. It is a kind of a cloud based model which has advantages from both the models. This means that it also has the advantages of a traditional infrastructure as well as a cloud based infrastructure. As such, this integrated cloud based model works in a way that certain parts of information that is connected to the data center should be stored on premise and that the rest of the information be pushed on the cloud. It is the exact model which will allow SoftArc to enhance their capabilities by easily merging and aligning with their rest of the components as per the requirements of business and the strategy they follow (Tarannum, Ahmed, 2013). The delivery model for SoftArc Engineering Ltd that would be used in this case would be IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service. The reason for the choice is made obvious from the points presented below: It is this model that would allow the user to tailor their platform and software requirements easily because they would control nearly every single aspect of the system. The model would also allow the system administrators of SoftArc Engineering Ltd to scale up and down their architecture and associated components as per their companys needs. The overall costs associated with this model is considerably lower as compared to building of that infrastructure in the first place. Distributed resources would be used with this model. Pros and Cons of Implementing the Hybrid Cloud There are several advantages of implementing a Hybrid Cloud over a traditional infrastructure as well as a traditional cloud. To begin with, a Hybrid model would ultimately demand lesser upfront investments in terms of the infrastructure which is quite crucial allowing the money to be spent on other key areas. The security associated with the Hybrid model is better given the fact that cloud computing providers ultimately have come a long way in strengthening their security because thats among the first things that makes them a legitimate alternative. The flexibility of the firm would improve and the dependency on the companys rigid infrastructure would decrease making the platform and services that run on top of the infrastructure fluid as it can be scaled up and down easily. It also provides a heightened state of overall accessibility that ultimately leads to an improved customer satisfaction. (Boava, Iano, 2016). However, there are some issues that the company would need to be made aware before getting into this. First of all, the organization would be requiring to upgrades and patches of the entire platform and the software that run on top of it. This would make it seem like that its not a complete outsourcing of the IT problems to a 3rd party company. At the same time, the company would need to maintain and upgrade database systems, tools, other information systems and operating systems and servers that run on top of it. With IaaS, legal regulations also come into the picture as the companys data is being stored in an off-premise and possibly out of the country. The company would always require extremely high-bandwidth based data connection so that the software and systems within the organization function properly. Risks Profile and its Counter Measures Although the security posture of the infrastructure could be better than what the companys traditional IT infrastructure, this does not mean that it carries any less risk in terms of security. Name of the Risk Description Possible Countermeasure Shared Access One of the important features that is included with this hybrid model is of its multi-tenancy. This means that the infrastructure provider would be renting out the same set of infrastructures which is at the backbone of the softarcs infrastructure to other companies. This is something that makes it risky for Softarc. There could be scenarios where multiple users are connected to the same infrastructure from different companies and are ultimately sharing the same backbone infrastructure, the same memory, the same database and equipment. Now, if there is a security incident with any of the companys infrastructure then it could threaten the well-being of Softarcs state of data, software and services. (Padmavathi, 2016). The SLAs should be read well and the company should create virtual boundaries and segregate another companys data and services such that one has nothing to do with another. At the same time, they should employ anti-virus, intrusion detection system, firewall among others. Cost and Schedule Risks Owing to a lot of complications involved with a hybrid model, it becomes difficult to effectively calculate the cost. It would require a thorough planning in order to estimate an approximate costing and schedule estimations. Legal Risks A lot of private, confidential and sensitive information would be stored on a remote server that could further be offloaded to a different country and hence it bears legal issues. The legal planning should be done well in advanced to make sure there is no legal vulnerability presented later on. Security Risks Since the data is communicated to a remote server, this inherent nature of operation brings a lot of security issues and vulnerabilities. These exposes the company to a range of attacks such as network attacks, ddos attacks, data sniffing, insider threats and security vulnerabilities present in the infrastructure service provider. It would involve enhancing the overall security posture to combat the security issues. These incude performing a range of strengthening services on the software side as well as implementing a thorough technical and administrative controls. Data Ownership and Authority Risks Hybrid cloud would be composed of many different users and the issue of data ownership arises. Data ownership can be countered by effectively implementing user roles and privileges. Components and Requirements Application Resilience Given the nature of deployment of SoftArc data and service it is imperative that their high availability requirements should be taken care of effectively. The following shall be done so in that effect (Varadharajan, Tupakula, 2016) : Fault tolerance would be installed so as to make sure there is no single point of failure. Adherence to best practices and pre-defined standards. Ample cloud storage solutions Backup and Disaster Recovery Plan In order to protect the data and limit the disruption of services, an effective disaster recovery planning should be done. The backup would be done in two different modes that is intermittent and complete. The backups would be done in a remote location. The entire plan would be made such that any major incident should be recovered in less than 2 hours. Remote Server Administration Administrators would provide the ability to monitor the hybrid cloud remotely and execute a certain number of actions without anybodys consent such as scaling of system resources or shutting down certain components of the infrastructure. (Tarannum, Ahmed, 2013). Resource Management There would be several human resources that are applied to the management of the hybrid cloud. These includes system administrators, people to monitor the network usage, people to monitor the state of the system and finally people who monitor any important security incidents that may be happening in real-time. SLA Management Following is how the SLA would be managed for SoftArc: A list of services agreed between the cloud provider and softarc. Responsibilities and duties associated with the projects resources. Internal partners and their involvement. The exact state of system, infrastructure features and resources allocated for the system. Migration of Sharepoint to Cloud The sharepoint server would be moved to an AWS cloud as its among the most robust and cost-effective solutions from small-scale companies to large scale organizations. Following is the process that would be followed: A complete plan of the migration along with defining of scope, objectives, assumptions and requirements. Analysis of risks and its counter strategy. (Sekaran, Krishna, 2016) Migration of system should happen in phases to minimize downtime and streamline the transition. Continous validation of data and system performance would be carried out. Conclusion SoftArc has taken up a bold move to shift towards a hybrid model of operation. In doing so the company would not only greatly reduce the cost of traisition by saving upon upfront investments but would also enhance their day-to-day operation by making it quicker and more streamlined. There are many benefits provided by this model and on the other hand there are its downsides, however with proper care and due diligence it could be kept to a minimum. References Al-Rashedi, A. (2014). E-Government Based on Cloud Computing and Service-Oriented Architecture. International Journal Of Computer And Electrical Engineering, 6(3), 201-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijcee.2014.v6.822 Varadharajan, V., Tupakula, U. (2016). On the Design and Implementation of an Integrated Security Architecture for Cloud with Improved Resilience. IEEE Transactions On Cloud Computing, 1-1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcc.2016.2535320 Padmavathi, B. (2016). Implementation of IOT Based Health Care Solution Based on Cloud Computing. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science. https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijecs/v5i9.23 Sekaran, K., Krishna, P. (2016). Big Cloud: a hybrid cloud model for secure data storage through cloud space. International Journal Of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 8(2), 229. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijaip.2016.075731 Boava, A., Iano, Y. (2016). Secure Inter-Cloud architecture for virtual cloud computing based on hybrid IP and MPLS infrastructure solution. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14(7), 3490-3495. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2016.7587659 Gordon, A. (2016). The Hybrid Cloud Security Professional. IEEE Cloud Computing, 3(1), 82-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcc.2016.21 Tarannum, N., Ahmed, N. (2013). Efficient and Reliable Hybrid Cloud Architecture for Big Database. International Journal On Cloud Computing: Services And Architecture, 3(6), 17-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijccsa.2013.3602

The reasons we as Americans buy on credit varies, Essay Example For Students

The reasons we as Americans buy on credit varies, Essay but without it most of us would probably never be able to purchase necessities such as a home or automobile. The nations economy depends on credit, and the promise to pay later for goods and services used today; but along with consumer credit had come consumer debt. With the rise in telemarketing and commercializing in America it is no wonder why Americans feel the impulse to buy now, pay later. The most common form of consumer debt is installment debt, which is when a consumer borrows the money to purchase an item and agrees to repay the loan in equal installments over a fixed period of time. We will write a custom essay on The reasons we as Americans buy on credit varies, specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Without installment debt most consumers could not afford to purchase items such as a home. The truth of the matter is that we, as Americans, tend to want to purchase more than we can afford to purchase when we want it. But, we can afford to pay it out, over time, in fixed payments. Mortgages, a debt owed on real property, are the latest form of installment debt. Other forms include automobile loans and credit card purchases. Just pick up the newspaper any time after Christmas and you will find articles on managing your mounting debt from Christmas. Not realizing the extent of the consumers debt is one of the most common types of credit problems. Denial may play a partial role in this problem, but the lack of education seems to be the largest reason for consumer debt. Credit card use is up 20% and a large number of Americans do not know the percentage rate at which the credit card companies charge. Many credit card companies have started personalizing interest rates by not disclosing the interest rate until after the consumer has received the card. By not disclosing the interest rate on the application the credit card companies prohibit the consumer from shopping around for the best deal. You could just say they should cancel the credit card, but did you know several requests for consumer credit could be viewed negatively because the information is reported to the credit bureaus? This leaves you, the consumer, with a bad credit report. Household debt and bankruptcy are at record levels and appear to be on the rise. Until we as consumers begin to educate ourselves and stop living beyond our means, we only have ourselves to blame. In conclusion, although consumers are not forced to buy, most feel compelled to purchase goods and services because they need them and do not want to wait. Rather than saving they go into debt, the most common of which is installment debt. Bibliography 1. Miller, R. L., Economics: Today and Tomorrow, Hesterville, Ohio; Glencoe-McGraw Hill, 19952. Major Growing Pains U.S. News and World Report (Oct. 21, 1996) Pg. 62-643. Whats the Rate? They Wont Say. U.S. News and World Report (Aug. 19, 1996) pg.614. Lee, Susan Susan Lees ABZs of Economics New York; Poseidon Press, 1987

Science and philosophy essays

Science and philosophy essays Science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Philosophy is the investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. Philosophy is the critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs. When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy represents the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. When applied to material objects, it is called physics. Philosophy is the systematic and rigorous search for the truth about certain non-empirical but enduring questions. Science is any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study. Science is an intellectual activity carried on by humans that is designed to discover information about the natural wor ...

Report on marine engineering industry in the uk Coursework

Report on marine engineering industry in the uk - Coursework Example million and total employees exceeding 410,000, it is the leading marine sector across Europe; it outshines aerospace, automotive and agricultural sectors (Stem Choices 2010). This report explores the marine engineering sector of United Kingdom covering industry trends, development opportunities, development constraints and main players. Marine sector encompasses numerous activities ranging from sub-se technology to shipping, aquaculture to ports, commercial fishing to royal navy; and leisure to maritime financial and legal services (Smith, H. & Lalwani 1999: 398). These activities can be divided into four subsectors relative to marine engineering activities namely marine resource-based, marine-related equipment and service, marine operations and shipping and marine system design and construction. Marine resource-based sub-sector involves activities for recovery of marine resources such as seabed mining and oil and gas exploration (Taylor 2013). Marine-related equipment and service sub-sector involves manufacture of equipment and provision of supportive services for marine activities; they include machinery, marine electronics, software development and instrumentation (Tooley 2012: 2-7). Marine operations and shipping sub-sector involves activities such as waste disposal and dredging whereas marine system design and construction involve coastal and offshore engineering and design, construction and design of ships (Tooley 2012: 2-7). UK is among the major countries leading in boat building sector across the globe. There has been a shift in preference in the market from sailing yachts to motor yachts hence booming of the powerboat sector of which UK holds a significant share; some UK motor boat builders recoded a minimum of 90% of their production (SEEDA 2007). Also, demand from China and Russia have driven high the demand of superyacht. Further, marine equipment industry boasts a good share of the world market (Highley et al. 2007); however, it faces stiff

Racism in the World and how is reflected in the Movie Hotel Rwanda Essay

Racism in the World and how is reflected in the Movie Hotel Rwanda - Essay Example Many factors can contribute themselves to racism and racial discrimination. Racism is always a product of inequality – whether it is cultural, economic or personal. A probe into history reveals to us how many countries and races have considered themselves superior to others and looked down upon others with scorn, contempt and hatred feelings. We know how Adolf Hitler and his belief that the Aryans are the best and most superior race in the world has caused a lot of violence, unrest and anti-humanitarian actions in the past. It is also advisable to bring into mind how the Negros in America and South Africa suffered various setbacks due to racial discrimination. Racism is a product of marginalization; the marginalized and suppressed races or communities strive themselves for existence, whenever they come to the realization that they had been suppressed and oppressed and their own individual human rights and that of the race are very adversely affected and endangered. The only po ssible solution to racism is the understanding that there is only a single race. There is no superior or inferior in the society; every individual equally deserves respect, humanitarian concerns and the opportunity to develop his/her potentialities irrespective of what race or culture he/she belongs. The issue of racism has something to do with culture and education. There are many who believe that the issue of racism is a cultural phenomenon and that effective education and the promotion of various ethnic identities can create better understanding and respect for others in the minds of people. â€Å"Racism has always been both an instrument of discrimination and a lot of exploitation. But it manifests itself as a cultural phenomenon, susceptible to cultural solutions such as multi-cultural education and the promotion of ethnic identities.† (Shah, Anup 2004). In the past many have tried to bring the issue of racism into light through literature, art, science

Analysis of the Security Management Market in Hong Kong

Analysis of the Security Management Market in Hong Kong The Security Management Industry INTRODUCTION Security management is the combination of hardware, software, and services that normalizes, aggregates, correlates, and visualizes data from disparate security products. Security management is a broad term that encompasses several currently distinct market segments. With the presence of the Internet, spam is becoming increasingly costly and dangerous as spammers deliver more virulent payloads through email attachments. According to a recent IDC (2004) study, the volume of spam messages sent daily worldwide jumped from 7 billion in 2002 to 23 billion in 2004. The Hong Kong Population has increasingly Internet users. This boom in the electronic commerce creates ease in communication and on business transactions however this has also compromised the internal data security with the presence of hackers. Industry analysts believe that increased spending on internet security products and the establishment of a corporate data security policy is equally important in avoiding information leakage. Estimated information security spending in Hong Kong will reach USD 231 million in 2003 and will maintain a stable growth to reach USD 252 million in 2004. U.S. security products enjoy an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and should continue to dominate the market. According to Braunberg (2004), a major early driver for security management products is the need to get a handle on event data emanating from intrusion detection systems. Many security management products are chiefly concerned with the consolidation, correlation and prioritization of this type of data. These event management and correlation products address the volume of data and its heterogeneous origin, both in terms of devices and vendors. SECURITY MANAGEMENT MARKET IN HONG KONG Market Highlights The continuous increase in demand for communication internationally, internet has been increasingly in demand. With the Internet in business transactions, companies expanded sales opportunities through e-commerce and reduce business costs. With the presence of Internet, companies can broadly expand customer base. However, in spite of all these benefits that companies experienced with Internet, it has also brought some costs to companies. Internet opens up network and servers to external and internal attacks. In order to guard against these attacks, Hong Kong companies have increasingly felt the need to purchase Internet security. According to the report of HKCERT (2004), the number of PCs installed in Hong Kong has skewed to the low end. In the survey conducted, it shows that 63.5% of the surveyed companies had installed 1-9 PCs and only 1.3% had installed 100 PCs or above. Consumer Analysis In the report of HKCERT (2002), industry players estimated that the Hong Kong market for internet security products and services in 2001 was USD 231 million and will reach USD 252 million in 2004. Generally U.S. internet security products are the major players and are enjoying an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and are continually dominating the market. Industry Estimates The survey of HKCERT in 2004 showed that Hong Kong companies adopted security technologies to secure their computer form attacks. The survey includes 3,000 companies from different industry sectors in Hong Kong. According to the survey anti-virus software was the most popular security measure, being used by 90.9% of the companies interviewed in 2004. Physical security (65.5%), Firewall (65.4%) and Password (60.6%) were the next three common security measures adopted (HKCERT, 2004). The information security awareness of the companies in Hong Kong has increased considerably as the percentage of companies without any security measures in place dropped from 10.1% in 2003 to 3.6% in 2004 (HKCERT, 2004) As the survey shows, the use of firewall has significantly increased in 2004. This is due to the increasing awareness of a number of companies that the basic security tools can not completely stop virus and because software vendors pay great effort in promoting their products. From the table above, US rank number one in the list showing that US is the major host of malware in 2006. On the other hand, Hong Kong only is on the 9th place however it is still a major contributor of malware in the world. Sophos notes that up to 90% of all spam is now relayed from zombie computers, hi-jacked by Trojan horses, worms and viruses under the control of hackers. This means that they do not need to be based in the same country as the computers being used to send the spam (IET, 2007). Sophos found that the most prolific email threats during 2006 were the Mytob, Netsky, Sober and Zafi families of worms, which together accounted for more than 75% of all infected email (IET, 2007). According to the report, email will continue to be an important vector for malware authors, though the increasing adoption of email gateway security is making hackers turn to other routes for infection (IET, 2007). Malware infection will continue to affect many websites. SophosLabs is uncovering an average of 5,000 new URLs hosting malicious code each day (IET, 2007). In 2006, it has been discovered that there is a decrease in use of spyware due to multiple Trojan downloaders. Statistics reveal that in January 2006 spyware accounted for 50.43% of all infected email, while 40.32% were emails linking to websites containing Trojan downloaders. By December 2006 the figures had been reversed, with the latter now accounting for 51.24%, and spyware-infected emails reduced to 41.87%.(IET, 2007) Market Channels In Hong Kong, consumer-oriented products such as anti-virus, overseas companies usually market their products via local distributors who will then channel the products to resellers and in some cases directly to retailers. For enterprise-oriented products, which require value-added services such as system integration and after-sales support, overseas companies can go through local distributors and/or resellers. (Chau, 2003) Competitive Analysis The internet security market has four segments: anti-virus, firewall, encryption software, and Security Authentication, Authorization Administration. Anti-virus Software Anti-virus software identifies and/or eliminates harmful software and macros. Anti-virus are mostly software based. The major players in Hong Kong for the consumer market includes Symantec/Norton which possesses 50% of the market share in Hong Kong, Norman, Nai/McAfee, and Trend Micro which are basically US origin (Chau, 2003). According to Chau (2003), consumers of Anti-virus are generally price sensitive and usually seek for products with established brand name. In the enterprise market of anti-virus, the major players include Trend Micro, NAI/McAfee, Norman and Symantec (Chau, 2003). According to the analysis, enterprise users will usually seek professional opinions from their I.T. service provider and are more likely to focus on brand reputation and offered features and pricing is not the main concern, although with the downturn in the economy, companies are becoming more price-sensitive (Chau, 2003) Firewall Firewall software/hardware identifies and blocks access to certain applications and data. There are two categories of firewall products: software and hardware. The players in Hong Kongs software firewall market are Check Point Software which dominates the market of 60% market share, Computer Associates, Symantec and Secure Computing (Chau, 2003). In the hardware firewall market, the major players are Netscreen with 50% market share, Cisco (PIX) with 20% market share, Sonic Wall, Watchguard and Nokie of Finland (Chau, 2003). According to the report, the price for software firewalls averages USD 20 per user. On the hardware firewalls side, the number of users and the kinds of features determine the price. A low-end firewall server costs USD 600 to USD 700, a mid-range server costs USD 2,000 to USD 4,000, and a high-end server costs USD 10,000 and above. Netscreen and Sonic Wall are quite common in small to medium-sized enterprises. Cisco targets large corporations. Brand reputation and price are the prime concerns for buyers. According to industry players, there is an increasing preference for hardware firewalls over software firewalls because the hardware firewall has a speed advantage and is easier to maintain. (Chau, 2003) Encryption Encryption software is a security product that uses crypto-graphical algorithms to protect the confidentiality of data, applications, and user identities. According to the study, the most commonly-used standards in Hong Kong are SSH, SSL, PGP, RSA, and DES. Different standards are used for different objectives. SSH is mostly used to secure TCP connections between remote sites. SSL is commonly used in web browsers to secure web traffic. PGP is used for email encryption. RSA is for PKI system authentication and authorization. DES or 3DES are commonly used in the banking sector. (Chau, 2003) According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players in encryption in Hong are PGP, Utimaco, F-Secure, SSH (Security Shell), and RSA. Security 3A Software Security 3A (administration, authorization, and authentication) software is used for administering security on computer systems and includes the processes of defining, creating, changing, deleting, and auditing users. Authentication software is used for verifying users identities and avoiding repudiation. Authorization software determines data access according to corporate policy. Administrative software includes internet access control, email scanning, intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, and security management. The major players in PKI system in Hong Kong are Baltimore of UK, Verisign, and Entrust (Chau, 2003). Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) An intrusion detection system (IDS) examines system or network activity to find possible intrusions or attacks. Intrusion detection systems are either network-based or host-based. Network-based IDS are more common. According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players of IDS in Hong Kong are ISS (Real Secure) which dominate in the market of 65% market share, Enterasys (Dragon), Symantec (Intruder Alert), Tripwire (Tripwire), Computer Associates (Entrust Intrusion Protection) and Cisco (Secure IDS). In the analysis it has been known that IDS end-users are mostly medium to large enterprises and the most significant purchasing criteria for end users are reliability and compatibility and price is not a key factor (Chau, 2003). Content Security Products The major players of content security products includes Clearswift which has 50% market share, Websense which has 25% market share, Trend Micro and Serve Control (Chau, 2003). Market Trends According to the report, on corporate side, the demand for network-based anti-virus would likely to increase than the demand for desktop-based anti-virus products since mostly viruses attacks are usually via internet (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, in the consumer side, consumer market would likely to fade away since consumers are downloading free anti-virus from the Internet. It is expected that ISPs will increasingly provide AV protection as a value-added service to the users (Chau, 2003). In the firewall software, it has been expected that the demand for hardware-based appliance products would likely to increase for small and medium-sized companies. (Chau, 2003) For Intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, it is predicted that it will become very popular as enterprises will shift to a balance between internal and external threats. In addition, the distinction between host-based and network-based IDS is becoming blurry with the creation of IDS consoles that receive data from both the network sensors and host agents. Integrated solutions will become the trend. (Chau, 2003) Market Driver There are several market drivers of security management market. Chau (2003) identified some of these market drivers. In his report, he enumerated three of these market drivers which includes the Internet growth, telecommuting trend, and government generated awareness of Internet security. Internet Growth In Hong Kong, the Internet has become the prevalent communication means between business transaction and even between employees with the increasing trend of globalization. According to Hong Kong Government survey in 2001, 1.25 million households or 61% of all households in Hong Kong has PCs of which 80% are connected to the Internet compared to 50% households with PCs in 2000 of which only 36% are connected to the Internet in 2000 (Chau, 2003). Generally, consumers are making use of the internet to send emails, surf the web, carry out research, conduct on line banking transactions, and make low-value purchases. The survey estimated that around 6% of all persons over 14 had used one or more types of online purchasing services for personal matters in the 12 months before the survey (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, on the business side, more than one third of businesses in Hong Kong have internet connections. In 2001, about 12% of businesses had delivered their goods, services or information through electronic means which is 4% higher than that in 2000. The estimated amount of business receipts received from selling goods, services or information through electronic means in 2000 was USD 1 billion. Increased connectivity to the internet creates higher chances of hacker attacks, especially if the users have a constant live connection, such as through a DSL line. (Chau, 2003) According to the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau, reports of computer-related offenses increased from 235 incidents in 2001 to 210 in the first nine months in 2002. Computer attacks had affected 5,460 computers in the past 12 months. Financial loss caused by computer-related crimes rose from USD 195,000 in 2001 to USD 236,000 in 2002. The Computer Crime Section of the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau believes that only 0.3% of the victims reported hacking incidents, fearing that doing so would damage their reputation. Facing increasing internal and external hacking threats, companies are seeking security tools to protect their network and to maintain public confidence. (Chau, 2003) Telecommuting Trend Another major driver of security products, according to Chau (2003), is the increasing decentralization of the work force, such as mobile sales teams in the insurance industry who need to access corporate networks via PDAs. There is an increasing trend of businesses and organizations which benefit from employees ability to dial into corporate networks via the internet, however, this often creates information security risks within the organization, resulting in increased dependence on, and greater deployment of, security products (Chau, 2003). Government-generated awareness of internet security Another major driver of security products is the government awareness on the importance of Internet security. With this awareness, government organizations are formed. Like for example the SAR Government. The SAR Government is committed to providing a safe and secure environment to foster the development of e-commerce in Hong Kong in which has built a public key infrastructure (PKI) through the establishment of a public certification authority and a voluntary CA recognition scheme in Hong Kong (Chau, 2003). Currently, there are four recognized certification authorities operating in Hong Kong which includes JETCO, Digi-Sign Certification Ltd., HiTRUST.Com and the Hong Kong Postmaster General. In addition to the establishment of the PKI systems, the Hong Kong Government has also engaged substantial resources to educate the public regarding the importance of information security. For instance, the Crime Prevention Unit of the Technology Crime Division of the Hong Kong Police is responsible for providing advice on all aspects of computer security. It also produces educational materials on raising computer security awareness and makes presentations on technology crime prevention topics. (Chau, 2003) In addition to the market drivers in which Chau has enumerated, there are still other market drivers of security management market. Braunberg (2004) identified two major groups of market drivers which are the near-tern market drivers and long-term market drivers. Under the near-term market drivers are manage or prevent, perimeter management, vulnerability assessment, embracing standards and the brains of the operation. Long-term market drivers include complexity and cost, device and security integration, knowledge database resources, lack of trust, on demand of computing and social engineering. Near-Term Market Drivers Manage or Prevent. In the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the chief driver of event management solutions is the continuing and hugely annoying number of false positives pouring out of intrusion detection systems. According to him, a counter driver to growth in the managed security segment is the emergence of intrusion prevention systems, particularly in-line solutions that can perform real-time data blocking (Braunberg, 2004). The adoption of intrusion prevention system could inhibit spending on event management systems and security management vendors should consider these products competitive to their own (Braunberg, 2004) Perimeter Management. Security management products has evolve due tot to the demand of securing the perimeter. According to Braunberg (2004), security management solutions are evolving to integrate data from a host of perimeter products in which event management systems often evolved along separate lines with products for firewall, antivirus, and IDS. Vulnerability Assessments. According to Braunberg (2004), one of the near- term drivers for which end-users are of concern is understanding what the security risks are. Generally, clients are looking to leverage vulnerability assessments to help prioritize emerging threats. Increasingly vulnerability data is being leveraged in event management systems (Braunberg, 2004). Embracing Standards. According to Braunberg (2004), the industry is a long way from embracing standards for sharing event information but some progress has been made over the last year. The Internet Engineering Task Forces Incident Object Description and Exchange Format (IODEF) draft specification is gaining some traction and its adoption would be a significant step forward for the market (Braunberg, 2004) The Brains of this Operation. According to Braunbergs analysis (2004), the infatuation with IPS will be short-lived unless significant improvements can be made in reducing false positives in events however security management products will increasingly play a major role in providing the analytic smarts behind IPS solutions. Long-Term Market Drivers: Complexity and Cost. With the increasingly complexity in the web-based business models, the more tangled is the security solutions for the end-users. According to Braunberg (2004), businesses building online strategies from scratch can be overwhelmed by the initial investment of security solutions, while those trying to adapt existing solutions to evolving security concerns are besieged by maintenance costs. Device and Security Integration. According to Braunberg (2004), equipment makers are paying much closer attention to imbedded security functionality in devices and are actively attempting to integrate security as a value-added service in order to change the thinking of the end users of security products as an â€Å"add-on† or an extraneous component of infrastructure. In addition, vendors are looking to unite service providers with standards programs that simplify client understanding and reduce the complexity of product buying (Braunberg, 2004). Knowledge Database Resources. Another market driver for security products is to actively secure the knowledge database from attack patterns and other descriptions of the enemies. The security products vendors should reinvent a faster response to the known threats. According to Braunberg (2004), multi-product vendors particularly will look to evolve from real-time monitoring to broader real-time management. Lack of Trust: According to Braunberg (2004), end users, whether they are corporate users putting a business plan on a server or a consumer buying a CD, have ingrained habits that they are not necessarily willing to give up. For example, no matter how good an online banks security system is, a consumer will have to be convinced that its services are not only as good as a brick and mortar banks services, but better (Braunberg, 2004). On demand Computing: According to Braunberg (2004), the availability of ubiquitous computing resources on demand will further drive the need for sophisticated, highly flexible security management solutions that combine both identity management and event management. According to him, the demand for more esoteric offerings such as GRID computing is the major long-term driver for security management solutions (Braunberg, 2004). Social Engineering. According to Braunberg (2004), clients are still facing risks in security that employees represent just through the human desire to be helpful, and hackers exploit this through â€Å"social engineering.† According to him, a component of managed security will need elements of employee training to build awareness of outside threats (Braunberg, 2004). According to the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the security segment will continually be strong in which the diversity of interest ranges from an array of different types of companies which indicates a leverage of controlling security function. In addition, since end users demand has also evolve in which they demand for more in-depth defensive strategies ad best of breed approaches to purchasing decisions, security solution in turn has become more complex. Case Study: Trend Micro Enterprise History In 1988, Trend Micro Incorporated was founded by Steve Chang and his wife in California. Trend Micro Incorporated is a global leader in network antivirus and Internet content security software and services. The company led the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the network server and the Internet gateway—gaining a reputation for vision and technological innovation along the way. Trend Micro focuses on outbreak prevention and on providing customers with a comprehensive approach to managing the outbreak lifecycle and the impact of network worms and virus threats to productivity and information, through initiatives such as Trend Micro Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro ha grown into a transnational organization with more than 2,500 employees representing more than 30 countries around the globe. Many of the leading high-tech and security industry analysts have tracked Trend Micros growth and performance for the last several years, hailing the company as â€Å"visionary†, citing its leadership and innovation in the security industry. According to Brian Burke, IDC Research Manager, â€Å"Trend Micro has consistently demonstrated a strong position in the Secure Content Management market. To remain successful Trend Micro has adapted quickly to market challenges and the evolution of security threats such as spyware, phishing and spam, in which financial gain has become the number one driving force. Given Trend Micros track record and its strong upward momentum, we expect the company to continue delivering innovative solutions that provide customers with timely protection against unpredictable threats.† Trend Micro has earned a reputation for turning great ideas into cutting-edge technology. In recognition of the antivirus companys strategy and vision, the analyst firm Gartner has hailed Trend Micro as a visionary malicious code management supplier for four consecutive years. Citing its flexible and efficient transnational management model, BusinessWeek acknowledged Trend Micro as one ofa new breed of high-tech companies that are defying conventional wisdom. According to IDC, Trend Micro has held the top global market share in internet gateway antivirus for six consecutive years. A history of innovation In 1995 Trend Micro became an industry pioneer in the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the server level, with the launch of Trend Microâ„ ¢ ServerProtec. In 1997 it launched the industrys first virus protection for the Internet gateway with InterScan VirusWall. Since then, it has demonstrated a history of innovation in server-based antivirus products that has contributed to the leadership position it holds today in this market (according to the recent IDC report Worldwide Antivirus 2004-2008 Forecast and 2003 Competitive Vendor Shares. Trend Micro continues to shift the paradigms of antivirus security with cutting-edge products, services and strategies like Trend Micro Network VirusWall, Outbreak Prevention Services, and its Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro is committed to following its path of innovation to help companies manage todays ever-increasingly complex, fast-spreading malware threats. SWOT Analysis Strengths Business and security knowledge Trend Micro has been a pioneer and innovator in the antivirus software market since 1988, anticipating trends and developing products and services to protect information as new computing standards have been adopted around the world. Service and support excellence, that is, Trend Micro products and services are backed by TrendLabs a global network of antivirus research and support centers. TrendLabs monitors potential security threats worldwide and develops the means to help customers prevent the spread of outbreaks, minimize the impact of new threats, and restore their networks. Flexible workforce through contingent workers for seasonal/cyclical projects Loyal, hardworking, and diverse workforce who, in addition to good compensation, have an opportunity to do well Multinational corporation operating through regional subsidiaries to minimize cultural differences Low employee turnover Relatively rapid product development processes that allow for timely updating and release of new products Revenues and profits rising at 30% a year with merger/acquisition or investment in 92 companies over past five years Software products have high name recognition, broad-based corporate and consumer acceptance and numerous powerful features that are in use worldwide, thereby promoting standardization and competitive advantage through their ease of integration and cost-effectiveness Top rating from Fortune for best company to work at and most admired company Worlds largest software company with global name recognition and strong reputation for innovative products Weaknesses Perceived by many as a cut-throat competitor that uses its dominant market position to marginalize competition by stealing/destroying the competitions products, stifling product innovation, and decreasing the availability of competitor products Products have a single application focus and do not work well with or on-top of other products Reputation has suffered because of entanglement in antitrust and â€Å"permatemps† Vizcaino litigation Misperceptions of securitys value or purpose Opportunities Cheaper global telecommunication costs open new markets as people connect to the Internet in which in turn increases the need for security products Mobile phone applications and exploitation of personal digital assistants represent a growth industry so that strategic alliances could provide the company with opportunity in a market where it currently has little or no significant presence Business Continuity Reduced Costs Potential Revenue Opportunities Trend Micro holds the top market share for both worldwide Internet gateway and email-server based antivirus sales. Threats Currency exchange rates affect demand for application/operation software and hardware, and fluctuating currencies can negatively impact revenues in the global marketplace Recession or economic slowdown in the global market impacts personal computer equipment sales and their need for an operating systems which in turn would slowdown the need for security systems Software piracy of commercial and consumer applications software on a global scale threatens revenue streams Technology life cycle is shorter and shorter Inconsistency across the enterprise Loss of sponsorship or visibility Current Strategy The continuous success of Trend Micro is guided by its strategies. Innovation was always been the strategy of a technological company however in Trend Micro, innovation was not the only strategy implemented. There are many essentials that are to be considered. The current strategy of Trend Micro are the following. â€Å"Focus On the Essentials and Sacrifice the Rest† It is known that focus is important and essential for the success of any business. According to Steve Chang, strategy is about focusing on essential and sacrificing the rest. (Chang, 2002) in addition, according to Peter Firstbrook, program director, security risk strategies, META Group, Trend Micro has done just that, having an amazing laser-like focus on their business. And the authors of a Harvard Business School case study commented: â€Å"Although very entrepreneurial, Steve Chang held fast to a single strategic focus for over a decade. Rather than attempt to provide all security products to all customers, Trend Micro concentrated on developing ‘best-of-breed antivirus solutions.† (Pain and Bettcher, 2003) Trend micros consistent and persistent focus allowed the company to build their strengths and consistently leading the market. Innovation Isnt Just About Your Software Products Trend Micro has many product firsts under its belt: the first antivirus product for a server in 1993; the first Internet gateway protection antivirus software in 1996; the first e-mail anti-virus software product in 1998; the first Internet content security service in 1999. However, for the Trend Micro innovation applies to more than just the products. It is a pervasive notion that applies to other areas of your business as well. Innovation should be seen new type of global organization and in a new service offering. According to Steve Hamm in a 2003 Business Week article, Borders are So 20th Century, Trend Micro is an example of a new form of global organization, transnational organization in which aimed to transcend nationality altogether. Hamm quotes C. K. Prahalad, a professor at the University of Michigan Business School, who says â€Å"Theres a fundamental rethinking about what is a multinational companyDoes it have a home country? What does headquarters mean? Can you fragment your corporate functions globally?† (Hamm, 2003) According to Hamm (2003) Trend micro was one of the first responder to viruses which can deliver services in 30 minutes before the market leader Symantec. He commented that â€Å"Trend Micro is able to respond so quickly because its not organized like most companies. (Hamm, 2003) The strategy of Trend Micro is to spread its top executives, engineers, and support staff around the world. The main virus response center is in the Philippines,

A proposal for a training program for international peace-keeping organizations Essay

The peace keeping program explores the training needs and practices of four distinct groups involved in peace operations- US government agencies, the military, international civilian police, and non governmental organizations- that are expected to respond, separately or collaborate, to emergencies in affected areas around the world (Schoenhaus, 2002 p 9). The United States government has been said to have little ability today to respond rapidly to an international humanitarian emergency with a well-trained disaster response team. The delivery of adequate training to U. S. government personnel for the management of complex emergencies has been hampered by three distinct shortcomings; inadequate training content, inadequate training coverage, and the absence of a single command center with responsibility for improving training in complex emergency management (Schoenhaus, 2002 p 9). There is a stark contrast between the capabilities of the military and civilian communities at the beginnings of operations. The military in general has abundant resources and a clear mission under unified control. However this has not been the case with the civilian sector in peace operations, which is beset with multiple and conflicting agendas and generally enters the post intervention period lacking adequate resources, builds slowly, and spends an inordinate amount of time coordinating its own efforts rather than addressing the needs of the society in which it has intervened (Schoenhaus, 2002 p 9-10). The militaries role should be to lead from behind acknowledging the primacy of the primacy of the civilian goals and coordinating its support so that it becomes a continuation of the civilian effort by other means. (Bailey, 1982). The civilian success will be based on adapting the international standards to the new political environment and gaining public acceptance instead of re-establishing failed systems. The development of all fronts is necessary like infrastructural, economic, human and the leadership (Bankus 2002, p. 4) A system should be put in place to generate leaders who can articulate, evaluate, and solve problems. There must be a public debate on how the international community prepares its post intervention efforts. There should also be a core training curriculum for all actors involved in the humanitarian-relief and peace operations that are based on common, holistic visions. Such a curriculum would be built around enhanced human relations, interpersonal skills, communi cation, and management (Schoenhaus, 2002 p 9). Beyond this core training requirement, the individual agencies and organizations must recruit and train their staff to be experts in their areas of operations. At present, however there is no centralized training facility or a common curriculum that prepares civilians for the challenges they face in responding to international emergencies (Schoenhaus, 2002 p 9). Although both the US. Government agency and NGO communities recognize that there is need for common and more efficient training, the lack of commitment in terms of organizational culture, as well as the lack of time and resources, limits their efforts. The U. S. Government as suggested should take the lead in developing core training requirements and assign responsibilities to various agencies and other participants that could be trained at a common -use facility devoted to international training and response to complex emergencies. Doing this however requires significant resources, as well as a consensus among the agencies and the governments that support them (Felfer, 2002). The Military Training the Military for Peace Operations: A Past, Present and Future View. It has always been a practice on the global front to use the military forces in performing military related operations apart from war. (Goodbye, 1992)Granted the main responsibility of the military is to be prepared for any threat of war. In many countries, attempts have not been made by many governments train the military forces in other areas which are not related to main mission. (Bedrail, 1993). This has led to a realization among many states that there is need to train the military in other areas different from war because it is increasingly becoming important to do so (Zartman & Rasmussen, 1997). In the pat training the military for matters of peace has been not been structured and were largely based on the experiences which were inherited from the predecessors in which case the military acquired skills which were unique to some specific operational area (Miltenberger & Weiss, 2000). In coming up with a training program for the military destined for peacekeeping missions, it will be important to consider several factors like doctrine leadership as well as equipment. At the same time it is necessary to factor in the element of force mix besides other factors like training as well as the quality of the human capital. It is important to note that all these factors will be of utmost importance though the doctrine will provide the basic principles upon which the military will support the objectives of the nation. This implies therefore that there will be a positive correlation between tough but realistic military training and their victory on any war mission. This actually is the basis of the training philosophy of the U. S military (Berger & Rice, 2001). It will therefore be important that in pursuit of the above philosophy, the military training program be guided by the following fundamental factors. First it will be important that the military be trained as a combined team. The rationale behind this is that it will lead to the achievement of the proficiency of not only the leaders and individuals but also the specific military units. It will equally be important to structure the training as to replicate a real fighting situation besides employing the most appropriate doctrines and rules obtained from documents like the training plan for mission activities (Schoenhaus, 2001). It will also be important that the designed military training program incorporates a practical approach. This implies that the training program will need to be performance related. At the same time, it will be necessary to anticipate and train for challenging scenarios besides training in such a way as to ensure that the proficiency of the military is not eroded in any way. The implication for this is that there will be need to ensure that the trained military personnel do not lose the skills they will have acquired. It will equally be important to consider the various rank-techniques comprise several levels of the structures of command. Last it will be important to take good care of the training equipment as well as employing the senior and experienced military commanders to facilitate the training programs (Smock, 1999). It is important note here that just like in any training program, time will play a crucial role in influencing the military training program. It therefore implies that both the training time as well as other resources will be limited thereby necessitating the need to structure the training program in a way that only the very important mission tasks are accomplished. This would mean that all the essential activities are first selected before conditions and benchmarks for each of the identified activities can be set under the guidance of the commander. The expectation will be that all the military units will be capable of accomplishing the tasks in relation to the performance benchmarks. The end result of the above structure will be the development of a training strategy which will determine the required standard of proficiency (Smock, 1999). The military do have the opinion that issues of peace building are not central to its main objective of war. However it is interesting to note that there is a considerable agreement that properly trained military also make the best agents of peace given the fact that they are usually disciplined. Depending on the level of technical knowledge of a military officer ( Huggland, 1992). destined for a peace keeping mission, it is important to offer additional training like on the areas of negotiations, check areas, skills for stopping civil arrests as well as risk managements (Sisk, 1999). Additional training would equally be needed for instance in cases where there is need to familiarize oneself with the affected region as well as for operations that are multinational in nature. (Mackinlay and Chopra, 1992). It will equally be necessary for the military officers to understand the engagement rules pertaining to the various settings besides the need to have skills for managing a case of confiscated materials. All these factors will be necessary owing to the fact that a peace keeping environment would not be the same as an environment of war as the former will require a great deal of sensitivity in the conduct of the operations (Simmons, 1999). It is thus important to acknowledge the fact that it would be adequate to conduct some training for the military before deploying them to the affected areas. However this alone would not suffice thus calling for the need for additional peacetime training in matters concerning peace. (Rifkind, 1993). The realization was that it was still a challenge for the military to manage political as well as civilian aspects of the military Thus, there is needed a benchmark of generic activities as well as standards to act as a guide to all the military units in matters relating to peace operations trainings(Berger & Rice, 2001).